An introduction to the major areas of philosophy (ethics, theory of knowledge, philosophy of religion, etc.) and to some of the main problems treated within these fields. Selections from contemporary as well as classical authors are studied and discussed. Students are encouraged to develop a disciplined approach to intellectual problems. Emphasis varies with the instructor. Fall and spring terms annually. 4 credit hours

This course provides tools for the identification, analysis, and evaluation of the various patterns of reasoning as they occur in the real world. Patterns of reasoning include deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, scientific reasoning, statistical reasoning, and causal reasoning. The course also covers some basic psychology and sociol- ogy of reasoning and belief, and concludes with a critical discussion of science and the scientific method. No prerequisites. (Cross listed as PSYC-2100. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and PSYC-2100.) Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

This course is an introduction to the new and quickly growing field of Cognitive Science which studies the var- ious aspects of cognition, including reasoning, learning, memory, and perception and action. Cognitive Science is a highly interdisciplinary field of study at the intersection of philosophy, psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology, and the course hosts a number of guest lectures given by experts in these respec- tive fields. No prerequisites. (Cross listed as PSYC-2120. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and PSYC-2120.) Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

How does science stimulate philosophical thinking and how has philosophy influenced science? This broad range of interaction is studied with special attention given to the concepts of theory, observation, and scientific method. Special attention is given to issues basic to psychology, in particular, reductionism, behaviorism, functionalism, and cognitivism. (Cross listed as STSH-2130. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and STSH-2130.) Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

Introduction to first-order logic as a tool to be used in engineering, computer science, philosophy, etc., and as procedural knowledge helpful in puzzle-solving environments (e.g., standardized tests). A hands-on laboratory component is included. No previous logic or math presupposed. Fall term annually. 4 credit hours

Visionaries We focus on the character and conscience, teaching and deeds of reputed ethical exemplars. Everyday "local heroes" working in obscurity in our communities are highlighted alongside ethical superstars like Mother Teresa, Gandhi, or King. How do exemplars embody and function as models of character development and aspiration? What lessons can we draw from these exemplary lives for our workaday lives and personal reflections. Term: offered upon availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

How is life within our technosystem different from or similar to other forms of life that humans have lived or are possible? This is the guiding question for the course, with emphasis on environmental ethics and ecology. Readings come from both analytic and existentialist traditions in philosophy as well as current scholarship in psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Alternate years. 4 credit hours

An introduction to the major Asian philosophical traditions. Comparisons between different Asian traditions and between Asian and non-Asian traditions as appropriate. Fall term annually. 4 credit hours

This course involves a philosophical analysis of some of the basic moral issues raised by recent and anticipated developments in the areas of biology and medicine. The general question "What are moral problems, and how does one resolve them?" is examined in the context of concrete cases involving issues such as abortion, euthanasia, organ transplants, experimentation on human patients, cloning, genetic engineering, behavior control and modification. (Cross-listed as STSH-2500. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and STSH-2500.) Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

An analysis of psychological research on how our commonsense moral beliefs develop from early childhood through old age and their application to daily problems. A major focus is on the conflict between themes of justice or individual rights and caring compassion and its relation to gender differences (the Kohlberg/Gilligan debate). (Cross listed as PSYC-2600. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and PSYC-2600.) Annually. 4 credit hours

An examination of the models of a human being associated with various theories of madness (e.g., the psychoanalytic theory), and of the structure of interpersonal relationships in such settings as the family and 569 PHILOSOPHY mental institutions. The social and ethical implications of saying that someone is mentally ill, together with the claim that there is no such fact as mental illness, are also examined. Readings are drawn from the work of such authors as Laing, Szasz, Goffman, Sartre, Bateson, and Freud. Offered on availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

What is religion? What are its origins? What are its essential practices? To answer these questions, different religious traditions-Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto are studied in terms of their concepts of radical defectiveness, the sacred, ways of ultimate transformation, and human perfection. Fall term annually. 4 credit hours

Independent study of a particular topic. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. 1 to 4 credit hours

Experimental courses on subjects to be announced in advance. 1 to 4 credit hours

This course is a continuation of PHIL-2140, covering basic metatheory of logic (including formal syntax and seman- tics, model theory, and soundness and completeness of proof systems), applications of logic (including automated theorem proving, deductive problem solving, and the axiomatization of various branches of mathematics), and alternative systems of logic (including sequent systems, dia- grammatic logic, and modal logic). Prerequisite: PHIL- 2140. Spring term every two years. 4 credit hours

An exploration of such concepts as freedom, rights, and consent and their interrelationship; and a consideration of their bearing on questions of justice, law, and human welfare. Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

A critical examination of traditional and contemporary works in ethical theory by considering what these theories have to say about how we should live, what rights and obligations we have, what things are intrinsically valuable. Typically this includes such topics as ethical and cultural relativism, egoism, freedom, and responsibility. Often the focus will be on contemporary issues such as war, abortion, equality, or punishment. Fall or spring term annually. 4 credit hours

This course may be roughly divided into two general areas: philosophical problems in AI and philosophical issues that arise because of AI. An example from the first area is the Knower Paradox, a paradox in which an apparently desirable formalism for handling an agent's knowledge leads to inconsistency; an example from the second area is John Searle's attack on so-called "Strong" AI by way of his Chinese Room argument, wherein he claims that because a computer at bottom just manipulates symbols it cannot genuinely understand. Prerequisite: PHIL-2140. Fall term annually. 4 credit hours

While concepts such as quality of life, environment, nature, global ecology, and the like figure heavily in contemporary discussions, they are seldom integrated into an environmental philosophy. The course tries to achieve this integration by understanding some of the religious, mythic-poetic, and scientific dimensions of the man-nature matrix. Some specific environmental problems are examined in order to illustrate the system of values implied by various solutions. (Cross listed as STSH-4300. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and STSH-4300.) Prerequisite: junior or senior standing or permission of instructor. Term: offered upon availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

What is progress in science? How has our concept of progress been influenced by science? Are there significant differences between scientific and technological revolutions? These questions are explored in order to shed light on the complex dynamics of academic and industrial research. (Cross listed as STSH-4310. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and STSH-4310.) Prerequisite: PHIL-1110 or PHIL- 2130/STSH-2130. Term: offered upon availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

Time Relevant aspects of the work of Kant, Leibniz, and Newton; Gauss, Riemann, and Poincare; Faraday, Maxwell, and Einstein. Special attention is given to the historical development of non-Euclidean geometries and the distinction between mathematical and physical geometry. Ultimately, the aim is to clarify the conceptual structure of special and general relativity by showing the problem context in which they evolved. Prerequisite: PHIL-2130 or permission of instructor. Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

Basic schools of thought about the nature of mathematical reality are described and critically analyzed. Special topics include artificial intelligence, randomness, and the work of George Cantor on transfinite numbers. Prerequisite: PHIL-1110 or PHIL-2130. Offered on avail- ability of instructor. 4 credit hours

A team-based, project-oriented, hands-on introduction to the great concepts and discoveries in logic and computability, including Turing Machines, first-order logic, 570 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS the limitations of computing machines, Godel's incompleteness results, and so forth. A hands-on laboratory component is included. Prerequisite: PHIL- 2140. Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

Theory of Knowledge An exploration of what it means to know something, of the difference between knowing and believing, and of the relation between a knowledge claim and the evidence on which the claim is based. Students attempt to find philosophical counters to skepticism in respect to memory, knowledge, truth, knowledge of the physical world, of the self, and of other minds. Prerequisite: one course in philosophy. Spring term, alternate years. 4 credit hours

Daydreams about some tropical paradise ... The smell of freshly baked bread ... The flash of anger when someone cuts you off ...Your seeing of an albino squirrel on the cam- pus green ... We take all of these to involve activities or states of consciousness. But what is this consciousness with which we claim to be so intimately familiar? What are its meta- physical implications and can we reconcile those implica- tions with our current, scientific understanding of the world? Prerequisite: one course in philosophy. Spring term, alter- nate years. 4 credit hours

An examination of the works of such writers as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, and Jaspers. Attention is also given to the thought of Husserl and to the phenomenological movement. Prerequisite: one course in philosophy or permission of instructor. Term: offered upon availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

A study of the conditions of human suffering and human perfection according to Buddhism. The course ranges from the original teaching of Buddha to the development of Buddhism throughout Asia, including China, Tibet, and Japan. Buddhist, Chinese, and Western views of the nature of causation, freedom, existence, and human nature are compared. Prerequisite: one course in philosophy or senior standing. Spring term annually. 4 credit hours

The course examines the following questions: What is law? What is the relationship between law and morality? Is there a moral obligation not to break the law? Detailed examination is given to the concepts of liberty, justice, responsibility, and punishment. (Cross listed as STSH- 4740. Students cannot obtain credit for both this course and STSH-4740.) Prerequisite: one philosophy or STS course or permission of instructor. Offered on availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

We think of ourselves pre-scientifically, as "floating observers" in a theater of experience, mentally directing deliberations and willing actions. Educators approach our "aptitudes" in this way. But suppose we are primarily brains, operating as decentralized, parallel processing computational systems? How should we think of ourselves then? If we have multiple (unconscious) intelligencesnot a single understandinghow should education be tailored to serve? We address such questions through cognitive science and philosophy of mind. Prerequisite: one previous course in philosophy or psychology. Offered alternate years. 4 credit hours

What are the fundamental assumptions of cognitive science? Using a comparative approach, this course examines assumptions about the nature of mind, knowledge, self, and reality that underlie contemporary cognitive science from the perspective of traditional Buddhist mind science. Prerequisite: one course in philosophy. Alternate years. 4 credit hours

Experimental courses on subjects to be announced in advance. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. 1 to 4 credit hours

Students conduct original scholarly projects: original research, theoretical or analytical reviews of the literature, or computer simulations. Working either alone or in groups, students prepare written reports relating to this project, under the supervision of a faculty member. Prerequisite: permission of a supervising faculty member. Fall, spring, and summer terms annually. 3 to 6 credit hours

This seminar explores the issues of confirmation, semantics, and interpretations of scientific theories. Positivism, realism, and the logic of scientific discovery are discussed with special attention given to foundational problems in physics and psychology. Students should have some background in philosophy of science. Term: offered upon availability of instructor. 4 credit hours

A study of some current issues in philosophical psychology and philosophy of psychology. The following are representative of the questions discussed: Is a person identical with his body? Is consciousness a brain process? Can computers think? Do avowals have truth-value? Is psychology possible? Occasionally additional topics are selected from such areas as phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty, Sartre) and structuralism (Levi-Strauss, Barthes). Offered on availability of instructor. 4 credit hours